copying over more papers from SVN

SeS06/concl.tex

+\section{Conclusion and Further Work}\label{sec:conclusion}
+
+We have demonstrated that a Markup Language for the {\emph{content}} of physics can be
+designed by extending the content and context markup format {\omdoc} with a
+representational infrastructure for the principal objects of physics: observables,
+systems, and experiments. The resulting language {\physml} is able to catch the logical
+and operational structure specific to physics, differentiating this field from others. The
+extension presented in this paper is part of the ongoing enterprise to extend the {\omdoc}
+format to the {\bf{STEM}} fields ({\underline{S}}ciences, {\underline{T}}echnology,
+{\underline{E}}ngineering and {\underline{M}}athematics).
+
+
+The next step is now to evaluate the language by marking up a larger body of knowledge in
+physics in {\physml}.  We have started work on the technically ubiquitous and basic field
+of thermostatics. This should give us a clear indication whether {\physml} is adequate for
+all of physics, or pinpoint the necessary changes to the language design.  An
+international collaboration on the further development of {\physml} is looked for,
+including experts from theoretical and applied physics and related fields, in particular
+mathematics and chemistry.
+
+New and powerful services can be implemented once the scientific content can be
+semantically encoded, retrieved, and reused digitally.  In physics, these include the
+search for other experiments on the same observables, dimension and algebraic checking of
+mathematical equations, mapping to other mathematical representations of the same
+theoretical physical expression, etc.
+
+Using the approach of analyzing the operational and logical practices of a scientific
+discipline field, and map this to field-specific modules extending the semantic markup
+language {\omdoc} will allow to spread semantic content markup to other scientific fields.
+
+With authors to increasingly make use of markup languages, and retrieval engines
+following suit to offer intelligent search algorithms making use of the known markup
+languages, users will gain effective tools to increase the reachout of their scientific work,
+having the {\emph{content}}, not just the text, of the work of others at their fingertips.
+
+%%% Local Variables: 
+%%% mode: LaTeX
+%%% TeX-master: "mkm06"
+%%% End: 
+
+% LocalWords:  mkm

SeS06/intro.tex

+\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
+
+The distributivity of information and services over the Internet has changed all aspects
+of life, and science is not an exception. We anticipate that the systems currently
+investigated in the community will eventually change scientific practice and that they
+will have a strong societal impact, provided that they can inter-operate to cover the
+whole work-flow of scientific research, education and application. 
+\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{6.5cm}\vspace{-.6cm}
+  \includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{sci-method}\vspace{-.3cm}
+  \caption{The Scientific Method}\label{fig:nw-Methode}\vspace{-.6cm}
+\end{wrapfigure}
+To further this vision we need to develop, implement, and provide semantic-based and
+context-aware techniques for acquiring, organizing, processing, sharing and using
+knowledge in science.
+ 
+Our starting point is the view of the {\emph{scientific method}} as a spiral (see
+Fig.~\ref{fig:nw-Methode}), where we have our focus on physics here.  In this view,
+scientific research in physics moves in a spiral trajectory from original ideas to results
+and even applications. Ideas pass through the processes of observation of natural
+processes, then of concept formulation to describe these. These allow scientists to
+express initial theories about (quantitative laws of nature governing) them, which are
+then explored (what are the consequences of the model assumptions) leading to predictions
+about processes that can be verified or falsified (to a certain degree) experimentally.
+These experiments usually lead to new observations, starting the next round in the spiral
+until a quantitative (mathematically formulated) \textit{theory} predicting exclusively
+correct results from experiments is formulated.  Observables in physics have to be
+suitably found such that they can be physically measured, their algebraic counterparts
+being then candidates for building stones of a theory.  The semantics of mathematics as
+such is more confined, searching for logically correct sets of rules.
+
+At the moment, most of the steps in Fig.~\ref{fig:nw-Methode} are separately supported by
+software systems, e.g.  literature searches in {\googlescholar} or {\wikipedia}, theory
+exploration in computer algebra systems like {\mathematica}, and experiments in simulation
+systems. But the systems are, by and large, not able to inter-operate since they use
+differing data formats, make differing model assumptions, and are bound to an implicitly
+given context that is only documented in publications about the systems. For instance,
+copy-and-paste from {\googlescholar} or {\wikipedia} to {\mathematica} or a simulation
+system is impossible because of this format problem. Moreover, where possible, copy and
+paste can be very dangerous, since computer algebra systems make differing assumptions on
+the Computercode-libraries, 
+the simulation systems are based on\footnote{A simple example, where the lack of
+explicit context led to a very expensive failure was the September 1999 loss of a \$125
+million Mars orbiter, which crashed on Mars. The cause was that NASA used for its
+specifications metric units, but the Lockheed Martin engineers misinterpreted the data
+assuming they were given using Imperial units of measurement.}.
+
+We are set here to arrive at a content markup format for physics. Early concept
+discussions and visions~\cite{Hilf:texdocc,PML:web,Hilf:guestrow,Hilf:p05} have not led to
+a realization in terms of an encoding, since the problem was attacked from the ground up.
+In this paper we will build the bridge from vision to a usable markup language by
+extending the {\omdoc} ({\underline{O}pen} {\underline{M}athematical}
+{\underline{Doc}uments}) format~\cite{Kohlhase:omdoc1.2} by an infrastructure for
+(physical) systems, observables and experiments and call this new module and the extended
+system {\physml} (Physics Markup Language). Since we can now share all the infrastructure
+--- in particular the theory and statement levels --- with mathematics, the language
+design for {\physml} becomes feasible.
+
+
+%%% Local Variables: 
+%%% mode: stex
+%%% TeX-master: "mkm06"
+%%% End: 
+
+% LocalWords:  cience ech logy ngineering athematical uments ciences echnology
+% LocalWords:  athematics stex mkm

SeS06/muenchen-abstract.tex

+Title: Capturing the Content of Physics
+
+Abstract:
+
+Today's scientific documents are {\emph{machine-readable}}, therefore we can publish them
+on the web, send them in e-mails, and search for words in them via Google. However, we
+cannot search for a relevant experiment, check dimensions in equations, or change units or
+coordinate systems in an exposition. For this we would have to make the documents also
+{\emph{machine-understandable}} by capturing the content of the embedded knowledge.
+
+To facilitate this, we propose to realize a content markup language PhysML by extending
+the OMDoc format (Open Mathematical Documents) was initially developed as a content-markup
+format for mathematical documents by an infrastructure for physics, concentrating on
+{\emph{observables}}, {\emph{systems}}, and {\emph{experiments}}. The semantic information
+embedded in OMDoc documents has for instance been used by eLearning systems to automate
+user-adaption of course materials or for semantic search for mathematical formulae. OMDoc
+marks up knowledge on three levels:
+\begin{description}
+\item[Object Level] it uses OpenMath and content MathML for objects represented as
+  mathematical formulae;
+\item[Statement Level] OMDoc provides original markup primitives that allow to specify the
+  semantical structure and interdependencies of theorems, axioms, definitions, proofs, and
+\item[Context-Level] statements are grouped into mathematical theories, whose structure
+  can be expressed by a rich set of theory morphisms.
+\end{description}
+Our extension only changes the statement level; the object and context levels stay the
+same: they model the general ``scientific method''. Thus the extended three-level approach
+to knowledge representation can be used as an open basis for true eScience.
+
+% LocalWords:  Google PhysML